1. Early Work by Marcus Karel
2. Motivation for Modeling Studies
3. Stead State Models
4. The Non-Steady State Model in Two Dimensions
5. Non-Steady Models for Sublimation and Desorption Drying
6. The Nonsteady State Modeling of Freeze Drying: In-Process Product Temperature and Moisture Content Mapping and Pharmaceutical Product Quality Applications, Pikal et.al.-Passage Freeze Drying
7. Simple Steady State Heat and Mass Transfer Theory is Useful in Process Design for Primary Drying
8. The LyoCalculator: Simulation of Primary Drying on Excel
9. Role of “Design of Experiments” (DOE) in Primary Drying Design
10. Evaluation and Scale up of Design Space
11. The Scale-Up Factor for Kv
12. Secondary Drying: Excel Based
13. Comparison of Excel Calculations with Passage and Experimental Values
14. Modeling of Freezing
15. Future Needs

Researchers should cite this work as follows:

• (2018), "Dr. Michael Pikal presentation "Modeling in Freeze-Drying:Past, Current State and Future Perspectives"," https://pharmahub.org/resources/742.

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1. freeze drying calculators
2. freeze drying modeling
3. Lyophilization
4. Pikal
5. Process modeling
6. scale up