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| Category | Tools |
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| Abstract | Predicts product temperature at the sublimation interface based on pseudo steady-state heat and mass transfer model INPUT PARAMETERS: Fill volume (mL) Solids concentration (g/g) Shelf heat transfer coefficient (cal/s/cm2/C) Cross sectional area of the product in the vial (cm2) Vial area calculated based on outside diameter (cm2) Dry layer area normalized mass transfer resistance parameters: Rphat = R0 + A1 * l / (1 + A2 * l), where l is thickness of dry layer at any time (Torr*cm2*ht/g) Shelf temperature (K) Chamber pressure (Torr) OUTPUT: Temperature versus time chart |
| credits | M.J. Pikal Excel based Lyo Calculator |
| references | M.J. Pikal, Use of Laboratory Data in Freeze Drying Process Design: Heat and Mass Transfer Coefficients and the Computer Simulation of Freeze Drying |
| Cite this work | Researchers should cite this work as follows: |
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